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日本語翻訳版覚書：
  1. この文書の原著は、EITAAC Final Reportです。
    [http://trace.wisc.edu/docs/eitaac_final_rpt/EITAAC_final_report.htm]
    [http://www.access-board.gov/sec508/commrept/eitaacrpt.htm]
  2. 翻訳版は、翻訳からくる間違いがあり得ます。
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disable、disability:ディサビリティ
無力（無能）にする・能力を奪う・できないようにする・不具にする
乳母車使用中の親の場合支障は一時的ですし、加齢による支障は連続的なものです。障害でなく支障と訳しています。この文書は、恒常的な支障を主体にしたもので、普通障害と訳されるものです。
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（性質などが）属の構成員すべてに当てはまる・包括的な

電子化・情報技術アクセス諮問委員会

Electronic and Information Technology Access Advisory Committee

Access Board seal

最終報告　Final Report

May 12, 1999

目　次

  1. 508条の経緯
  2. 障害ある個人の権利を守る関連州法律
  3. 定義
  4. 508条装備
  5. 提案された基準　（訳者注： ［ウェブの場合］）
  6. 付録

行政概要（Executive Summary）

労働投入法、1998年8月7日法律として調印され、には1973年のリハビリテー ション法に改善があります。リハビリテーション法の1998年改善の508条への変 更で、障害ある人が電子化・情報技術（E&IT）の利用において公平性を確 保するために現行の法律が強化されるように作られています。州政府省や局が 電子化・情報技術を開発・調達・管理・使用する場合、州政府の障害のない雇 用者が電子化・情報技術やデータへのアクセスや利用と同じように、州政府の 障害ある雇用者が電子化・情報技術やデータにアクセスし利用、州政府省や局 に過度な課題が課せない限りにおいて、できるようにしなければなりません。
また508条は、「州政府省や局から情報やサービスを得ようとする公的機関の会 員で障害がある人が、障害がある個人でない公的機関の会員に提供されるのと 同じ情報やデータへのアクセスや利用ができること」も要求しています。ただ 国家的な安全組織のみが、法律上508条から除外されています。

508条の1998年改善によってArchitectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board (Access Board)は、2000年2月7日 までに基準を開発公開し、電子化・情報技術の定義とそのような技術と情報へ の障害ある個人によるアクセスしやすさを達成するのに必要な技術的機能的な 表現クライテリアの宣言へ向けて動きだします。電子化・情報技術の定義は、 1996年のClinger-Cohen法にある情報技術の定義と両立しなければなりません。 Access BoardとGSAが、2000年2月7日に基準が装備される技術的な支援を州政府 と利用者に提供するよう、この新しい法律制定で命じています。

この基準の開発にあたって、Access Boardは、いろいろな州政府局・電子化=情 報技術企業・該当する公的非利益的機関や組織、障害者を代表する組織も、と の相談へと動きだしました。これらからの要求に応じて、Access Boardは電子 化・情報技術諮問委員会（the Electronic and Information Technology Access Advisory Committee=EITAAC）を設け、法制度化を確認したいろいろな セクターを代表する26の組織から構成されました。この報告はEITAACの評議と 勧告を反映しています。

この報告の目的は、障害ある個人の技術や情報へのアクセスと利用に関わる電 子化・情報技術の州政府調達事務所や商業的なサービス用の一組の勧告基準、 を提供することです。この報告は、受け入れることのできる最小の基準を提示 しています。当面の問題に関係のある電子化・情報技術の設計・製品・調達過 程は、これらの基準を超えて、全ての人の製品へのアクセスしやすさや利用し やすさを最大にするよう勧められています。

508条は、州政府調達処理を通して装備されるように設計されています。効果的 な施行のために明確にアクセシビリティを説明し定義する基準を作成する責務 にくわえて、EITAAC勧告は州政府調達を通してこれらの基準の装備を呼びかけ る試みもあります。

電子化・情報技術（E&IT）製品の製造者や販売者は、州政府調達事務局が 使うクライテリアを明確に理解し、設計選択やR&D投入をする必要がありま す。州政府事務局側には、証明されたアクセシビリティに基づいたE&ITを 得る必要があります。州政府行政事務局は、法律に従って州議会に進行状況を 報告し行政法をどこで適切にとるために、アクセシビリティでの改善を測る必 要があります。障害ある人は、州政府雇用者であれ一般公共機関雇用者であ れ、現在の技術に組み込まれている、アクセシビリティでの進歩も含んで、ア クセスしやすいE&ITを速やかに効果的に確保するには州政府調達システム に依存する必要があります。

局は、508条の要求にそう方法でE&ITを調達します。局は、調達するE& amp;ITの遵守を適切なアクセシビリティ基準で評価する責任があります。局 は、調達方法を考えなくてこの評価する必要があり、そうすれば同じ基準が、 一つのベンダーの完全なシステム調達・Seat Management請負人や統合者による 統合されたシステム調達・異なるベンダーからの製品の調達・これらの製品の 集合システムに、適用できます。

EITAACは、成文化された質問表で、採用された基準に適用される製品やサービ スでの技術的なアプローチや機能を、供給者が示せるようにしています。

EITAACは、技術上や人要因の理解上の進歩から利益を得るという州政府局や障 害がある人の要望を認識しています。E&ITでの技術的な前進の程度は早く て、刷新レベルも高度です。この状況下では、設計仕様書や固定的なチェック リストからなる静的な基準では、刷新を抑え、障害ある人に技術的な前進の入 手を遅らせかねません。と同時に明確で特別な基準は、遵守を確認するのに必 要です。これらの要求を均衡させるためにEITAACは、代替技術にはっきりと明 言して呼びかける基準を推奨しています。これらの技術的な基準は、入手でき るもしくは公開の時点で開発中のアクセシビリティや問題とされるアクセシビ リティ機能の必要なレベルを説明しています。これらの最小の要求を凌駕する よう製造業者や販売者を励まし、調達過程でそうするようことに報奨をはらう べきです。これはアクセシビリティの刷新と改善を促進します。

508条の目標が十分に効果的に効率的に達成されるようにするために、局はE& amp;ITの各アプリケーションにこの勧告されたアクセシビリティ基準を適用す る際審査を行使ししなければなりません。EITAACは、局がこれらの行使をする のに考慮に入れておく一組の指針原理を勧告します。これらの原理、セクショ ン4で定義された、には、利用者のアクセスと効用性；技術的な実現可能性；要 求と達成された便宜間の均衡；個人が好みの方法で操作できる柔軟性；そして E&ITの互換性と適合性が含まれます。

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勧告された基準の概要

州政府が調達する電子化・情報技術は、障害のある人にもアクセスしやすく利 用可能でなければなりません。障害のある人にもアクセスしやすく利用可能で あることのなかには、E&ITの通常の操作全て、入力=制御機能・機械的な機 構の操作・ビジュアル・音響的書式で表示される情報へのアクセス、の遂行も ふくまれます。E&ITにアクセスするのに使われる支援技術で仕事をする能 力もふくまれ、障害がある人が日々使用する支援技術を妨げるべきではありま せん。また、E&ITの文書やサービスもアクセスしやすく利用可能でなけれ ばなりません。

これらの基準は、E&ITの広い範囲にわたり、交流・複写・コンピュータ 化・貯蔵・表現・制御・輸送や製品に使われるもの、適用されます。以下の項 目に該当する人を含む障害ある人が、できるだけ広い範囲で、アクセスでき利 用可能でなければなりません：

勧告されたアクセス基準は二つのセクション、包括的な基準と技術特殊基準、にわかれています。

包括的な要求は一番高いレベルの要求で、E&ITs全てに適用されます。これ らの要求は実行基準で、一般にみられるさまざまな人の要求に基づいて書かれ ています。人の要求に基づくもので、これらの要求には、それに呼びかけるの に使われる特別な技術的な装備を必要としません。

技術特殊基準は、特別な機能や引き合にだされる機能を必要とするE&ITに のみ適用されます。これらの要求は限定的です。これらの要求はE&ITの特 殊なもので必要な特別なアクセス属性のための基準を提供します。

これらの基準は現在の技術の状況や限界を考慮して記載されていません。です から、全ての基準が、今日すべての技術が技術的にまた商業的に実現可能では ないかもしれません。しかし、そのいっぽうで技術の急速な進歩は製品に柔軟 性と能力を追加する新しい機会を作り出しています。技術上の変化がアクセシ ビリティに利益をもたらすとは限りません。今までの例で、新技術が一時的に アクセスしやすさを後退させる結果となることがあります。この一番いい例 は、キャラクター基本のコンピューターからピクセル基本のコンピュータ（グ ラフィック・ユーザー・インターフェース）への移行です。したがって刷新的 な新E&ITを考慮して、州政府局はこれらの基準の508条での適用にあたって 特に念入りにしなければなりません。

包括的な基準

包括的な基準は三つの主な領域に構成されています：最初の領域では、操作 や情報へのアクセスしやすさの基準を説明しています。二番目の領域で は、障害のある人がよく使う周辺器との互換性を要求しています。三番 目の領域で、E&ITと協調する文書とサービスに言及します。これら が一つになって、アクセシビリティの実行に基づいた基準を確立すべきです。

操作や情報へのアクセスしやすさの勧告基準では、E&ITが障害ある 人も利用できE&ITを経て表現される情報にアクセスできるようにするため に、さまざまな障害の特別な身体的・感覚的・認識の要求にであった場合E& amp;ITはアクセス可能でなければなりません。製品のアクセシビリティには、 配置でき識別でき入力制御機械的な機能を全て操作できることが、それによる またはそれを経て提供される情報と同じように、含まれています。情報のアク セシビリティには、テキスト・静止もしくわ動的な画像・アイコン・音響もし くは偶発的な操作合図が含まれます。

周辺装置との互換性のための勧告基準は、E&ITが障害ある人によっ て利用される適用技術での作動確認を意図しています。E&ITは、メディア で表現されるアクセシビリティ情報を保持し、適用技術との物理的もしくは無 線接続考慮するひつようがあります。

情報・文書・ラベルそしてサポートへのアクセスのための基準は、障害 ある人のE&ITに付随する情報やサービスの恩恵を保証するするものです。 このような情報や文書には利用者案内・利用者取り付け用の取り付け案内そし てE&ITとそのアクセシビリティ機能に両者に関するE&ITサポート交流 があります。これには、代替書式・代替モード・アクセシビリティ保証・利用 可能な利用者サポートと技術サポートが含まれます。利用者訓練は、障害ある 利用者にアクセスできる書式で入手できなければなりません。

技術特殊基準

包括的な基準の上に作られた技術特殊基準は、普通のケースでのアクセシビリ ティをどのように達成するかの詳しい指針を提供しています。この技術特殊基 準は、包括的な基準を補足するものとみなされ、E&ITの以下のクラスにま たがっています：

EITAACは、これらの領域をアクセシビリティにとって決定要因と考えています が、包括的な基準に含まれる全ての問題を取り込んでいません。EITAACは特別 な領域の基準が発展されるものと期待しています。技術進歩を考慮に入れて、 これらの基準の検討が中断されることなく継続されることが、その基準が正し く利用的なものを達成するのに非常に重要です。

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EITAAC報告のその他の構成部分

進展する提案基準に加えるに、EITAACは508条項の装備のために一組の勧告を作 りました。議会によって課せられたように、EITAACは法律用語を解釈するため に電子化&情報技術の定義を開発しました。勧告が、調達過程・基準添え書 き・アクセシビリティ決定の原理そして技術的な指針の領域で、なされていま す。これらによって勧告と基準は508条のうまくいく装備の鍵となると、 EITAACは考えています。

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1. 508条の経緯

508条は1986年にさかのぼり、議会はこの条項を1973年のリハビリテーション法 に追加しました。このリハビリテーション法には、州政府（29 U.S.C. & #167;791）や州政府との契約者（29 U.S.C. §793）また州政府の経済的支 援を受けている計画や活動（29 U.S.C.§794）による雇用人差別の包括的 な禁止が、ふくまれています。1980年の州政府局では、電子的な事務技術への 依存が非常に増えていました。このようなE&ITに障害ある人もアクセスで きるようにすることのために、508条は加えられました。Pub.L. 99-506, Title VI, §603(a); Title I §103(d)(2)(A), (C), as amended, Pub. L 100-630, Title II, §206(f); Pub. L. 102-569, Title V & #167;509(a), codified at 29 U.S.C. §794d.

議会は1986年508条の指令を採用しましたが、州政府が調達する電子的な技術へ のアクセスを確保する努力は実際には数年前に始まっていました。特に1984年 にthe National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research (NIDRR)が、the Department of Education's Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Servicesとthe White Houseと共同で、コンピュータ・ア クセス問題についてコンピューター企業と障害をもった消費者の代表を結び付 ける政府企業専門委員会（Government-Industry Task Force）を設立しまし た。その同じ年the General Services Administration (GSA)は、the Interagency Committee for Computer Support of Handicapped Employees and the Clearinghouse on Computer Accommodationを設立しました。障害をも つ州政府雇用人の生産性を高めるやり方で情報技術の使用を促進する目的で、 両グループは計画されました。

508条は、アクセスしやすい電子事務装置の購入とリース用の局調達指針の開発 についてNIDRRとthe GSAと協力するよう教育秘書を指導します。法律は1987年 の10月までにこれらの指針の公開を要求し、GSAによる採用のために目標日付を 1988年9月に設定しました。1987年10月諮問委員会や電子企業と障害のある人か らの指図と相談後教育省とGSAは、電子装置にアクセスする入力・出力そして文 書用の管理責任と機能的な実行仕様書に呼びかける508条を公表しました。 1991年1月省・ベンダー・障害ある人からのさらなるコメントを受けた後GSAは 改善されたものとしてこれらの指針を含むBulletin C-8をFederal Information Resources Management System (FIRMR)に発行しました。関連事項 にかんしては1987年4月、GSAはFIRMRにBulletin 48を発行していました。 Bulletin 48は局のコンピューターシステムを置き代える場合障害ある従業員の 要求に見合う用に設計された便宜を、局は提供するよう要求しています。

508条は、GASが公開した電子的装置アクセス性指針を満たすように、州政府省 に命じています。508条の要求を満たす努力をはじめた州政府省は少数でした が、この法律制定通過以後の十年は、省の間一貫性が殆ど見られず、指示は無 視されていました。508条に強制機構がないことが、問題のようでした。厳しさ がないと、508条の存在そのものが、実際上多くの州政府省部門によって気付か れていませんでした。1997年508条の適用が不揃いなので、その対象を強化し強 制するように設計された新しい法制化の導入が急がれました。

Federal Electronic and Information Technology Accessibility Compliance Actが1997年に導入されました。幾つかの修正とともに、この提案された法制定 にある用語は、最終的に1998年のWorkforce Investment Actに挿入され、新し い508条として1998年のRehabilitation Act Amendmentsに追加されました。 Pub. L. 105-220, Title IV, §408(b), codified at 29 U.S.C. & #167;794d。この修正版で国家的な安全システムだけを免除しますが、508条は 州代理人は、州政府の障害を持つ雇用者と政府情報を必要とする政府外の障害 を持つ個人両者に彼等が調達・購入・管理もしくは使用する電子・情報技術が アクセス可能なものであることを保証する、過重な負担を課せないなら、とい う厳格な命令を内容としています。この新しい法律は、2000年8月7日以後調達 される電子・情報技術に摘要され、障害のない個人ができるアクセスと同じ情 報とデーターへのアクセスを提供するよう州代理人に特に命じています。アク セス提供が過重な課題になる所では、（1）何故命令に従うことが過重な課題を 生む結果になるのかについての文書提出と（2）アクセス代替方法でその情報や データーを提供すること、を代理人は命じられています。

508条の改善版は、(1)電子・情報技術の定義と(2)技術的と機能的な、電子・技 術情報を入手するのに必要な実行基準を設定し、2000年2月迄に標準を公開する よう、Access Boardに指示しています。Access Boardによって確立された電 子・情報技術の定義は、Clinger-Cohen法. 40 U.S.C. §1401(3)の内容に なっている情報技術の定義と両立されなければなりません。議会は、情報技術 の取得・使用・始末で州の局内の合意を作る目的で、1996年にClinger-Cohen法 を制定しました。Pub. L. 104-106, as amended Pub. L. 104-208, codified at 40 U.S.C. §1401 et. seq. この法は、「自動的な取得・保存・操作・ 管理・移動・制御・表示・切り替え・交換・転送もしくはデーター請求や行政 局による情報で使用される、如何なる装置もしくは相互接続された装置のシス テムやサブシステム」としての情報技術を定義します。その他のものについて Clinger-Cohenは、「情報技術」条項；コンピューター・付随的な装置・ソフト ウェアー・ファームウェアーを含み、がサービスと関連資源をサポートしてい ること、を宣言しています。

508条は、州局・電子=情報技術企業そして障害ある個人を代表する組織の代表 者と相談するよう、Access Boardに指示もだしています。Access Boardは、 EITAACを通して、この責務を果たしています。この新しい法律制定は、標準が 最終的な形になったら州局と消費者に技術的な支援を提供することも、Access Board と GSA に指示しています。

508条の改訂条項には、州政府の508条遵守を最終的に保障するために、いくつ もの保障条項があります。既に1999年2月までに各州局は、局内の電子・情報技 術が障害ある人にもアクセス可能で利用できる範囲について法務長官宛の報告 を評価し送る責務があります。2000年2月迄に法務長官は、各州局から提供され た情報を下に、これら局で入手可能な技術が障害ある人にとってアクセス可能 で利用できる範囲についての大統領宛報告を用意するするように、指示されて います。この報告は、同じで二年に一回の法務長官から大統領への報告が続け られます。

上記の報告要求に加えて、Access Boardが508条標準を公開後六ケ月以内に Federal Acquisition Regulatory Council（州取得調整審議会）は、Federal Acquisition Regulation（州取得規定）を改訂しなければなりません；各州局 は自身の州調達政策と指示を、新しい508条標準を組み込むよう、改訂しなけれ ばなりません。最終的に、前のもの違って、2000年8月の始めから、改正された 508条では、個人が508条の非遵守を持ち出して州局に対して不満を訴えること ができます。そのような不満を受け取った局は、Rehabilitation Act の504条 の現存する不満手続きを利用するよう、指示されています。

1998年の障害のある個人の為の技術-関連支援法、後1998年の支援技術法、そし て現在はAT法として知られている別の法は、技術支援プログラムの州基金を受 けることの条件として、508条項の遵守の保証を提供する状態を要求していま す。全ての状態がそのような保証に従っているけれども、508条の条項を施行し ようとする州政府の努力がないと、これらの保証の価値を疑わしいものにしま す。新しい508条標準は、これらの保証を確実にするために、必要な指針を提供 します。

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2. 障害ある個人の権利を守る関連州法制定

障害ある個人の権利を守る関連州法制定

障害ある個人によるアクセスを確保するための目的は、508条だけではありませ ん。多くの州法律が先行し、バリアーのない情報時代のための段階を設定して きています。実際、この条項がより広範もしくは同等の障害ある個人の擁護を 提供するその他の州法律の下で得られる権利・救済策もしくは処置を制限する 意味にとられないように、と508条の新しい用語ははっきりと宣言しています。 かくて、508条と重複するところがあっても、障害者保護を確立したその他の州 法律はそのまま総力を上げています。

社会復帰法（Rehabilitation Act of 1973）

前に簡単に言及した1973年のRehabilitation Act（社会復帰法）は、州の局・ その契約者そして経済的に支援されている計画と活動はそれらの雇用人と受益 者へのアクセスを提供することを保証するように考案された最初の法制定でし た。例えば、501は、提供する便宜が過度な困難を課せない限り、雇用者の仕事 の職務を実行することを要求しています。501条は、雇用者の個人的なアクセス 要求を調整するよう、州局の責任に的を絞っています。アクセス可能な電子・ 情報技術のための508条の要求は、これらの実行に必要な幾つかの道具を雇用者 に提供することによって、501条の要求の実行を促進しようとしています。しか しながら508条はさらに、電子・情報技術を開発・調達・管理・もしくは使用す る州省もしくは局は、特別な雇用者によって必要もしくは請求さるに関わらず、 そのような全ての技術がアクセス可能であることを保証するようと、先に進ん でいます。同じ様に、508条の下で要求されているアクセスしやすい情報とデー ターの利用性は、州局を支援してリハビリ法の504条下で一般に情報を提供する ことを課せています。

障害者法のための遠隔通信

Perhaps the first Federal law to directly address the need for access to new technologies by individuals with disabilities was the Telecommunications for the Disabled Act of 1982 (TDA). Pub. L. No. 97-410, codified as amended at 47 U.S.C. §610 (1988). TDA was designed to expand the number of hearing aid compatible telephones both inside and outside the Federal government, and to ensure the availability of specialized customer premises equipment to all individuals with disabilities at reasonable prices. In TDA, Congress, already envisioning the dawn of major technological changes, established a new national policy to ensure disability access as these changes occurred. This policy was announced in the House Report accompanying the bill: "[M]aking the benefits of the technological revolution in telecommunications available to all Americans, including those with disabilities, should be a priority of our national telecommunications policy." H. Rep. No. 888, 97th Cong., 2d Sess. 5 (1982). Setting the stage for Section 508 as well as other pieces of Federal legislation, the legislative history of TDA revealed a new understanding by Congress that the costs to society of denying such access, by "depriv[ing] many individuals of the opportunity to have gainful employment" and "impair[ing] . . . the quality of life for disabled Americans" far exceeded the costs of ensuring such access. Id. at 4.

聴力補助適合法（Hearing Aid Compatibility Act）

The Telecommunications Act of 1982 was followed by two pieces of legislation in 1988 that again addressed the telecommunications access needs of individuals who are deaf and hard of hearing. The first of these, the Hearing Aid Compatibility Act, Pub. L. No. 100-394, codified at 47 U.S.C. §610 (1988), created a mandate for nearly all telephones made or imported into the United States after August 16, 1989, to be hearing aid compatible. Various FCC proceedings that followed produced rules which will assure nearly ubiquitous access to wireline telephones by hearing aid wearers early in the twenty-first century.

遠隔通信アクセス容易性強化法

(Telecommunications Accessibility Enhancement Act)

The second law enacted in 1988 was the Telecommunications Accessibility Enhancement Act (TAEA), Pub. L. No. 100-542, codified at 40 U.S.C. §762 (1988). TAEA created a Federal relay system for calls to, from, and within the Federal government. It also directed Congressional members to acquire TTYs for their offices, created a Federal directory of TTY numbers, and directed the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to complete an inquiry into the establishment of a nationwide interstate telecommunications relay system. TAEA's provisions bear a relationship to the present Section 508 in that it was designed to specifically reduce technological barriers for Federal employees. Toward this end, the Senate's Report on TAEA explained "[i]t has long been recognized that all employers should take whatever steps possible to fully integrate persons with physical impairments into the work force." S. Rep. No. 464, 100th Cong., 2d Sess. 2 (1988). Again, Congress concluded that the costs of installing accessible equipment and providing accessible telecommunications services were outweighed by the overriding benefits that such access created.

米国障害者法（Americans with Disabilities Act）

In 1990, our nation witnessed the passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), Pub. L. No. 101-336, codified at 42 U.S.C. §12101, et. seq., landmark legislation that created new and comprehensive civil right protections for individuals with disabilities in the private sector. The ADA is far reaching – its provisions prohibit discrimination by most private employers (Title I), all state and local government agencies (Title II), and places of public accommodation, such as museums, banks, restaurants, and theaters (Title III). Its provisions under Title IV mandate the provision of round-the-clock nationwide telecommunications relay services, designed to make our nation's telecommunications networks more accessible to people who are deaf, hard of hearing, or speech impaired. Finally, the ADA contains provisions for structural access to new and altered commercial facilities and places of public accommodation. These have been implemented through a series of detailed rules, known as the ADA Accessibility Guidelines, or ADAAG. 36 C.F.R. Part 1191 et. seq. ADAAG's specifications require the elimination of nearly all physical barriers in these new and renovated buildings. Among other things, these guidelines contain requirements for certain forms of telecommunications access, including requirements for hearing aid compatibility, volume control, and TTYs. They also provide standards on reach ranges, for access to fixed equipment control consoles and operable parts. While providing useful guidance for the development of the EITAAC standards, the ADA focuses on private entities; neither the ADAAG nor the ADA specifically covers access to electronic equipment procured or used by Federal agencies.

The ADA's provisions have made a considerable impact on our society, opening many doors to employment, educational, and recreational opportunities that had previously been closed. But a few years after passage of the ADA, it became clear that the provisions of the ADA had not contemplated the huge technological revolution that was enveloping our country. Although individuals with disabilities were finally gaining some physical and communications access to government and business employment and services, access to burgeoning telecommunications and information technologies remained elusive. When, in the early 1990's, Congress began considering sweeping changes to our nation's telecommunications policies, disability advocates saw a ripe opportunity to have this need addressed. As a consequence, passage of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 brought with it the arrival of a new civil rights law for individuals with disabilities: Section 255.

遠隔通信法（Telecommunications Act of 1996）

Section 255 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, Pub. L. 104-104, codified at 47 U.S.C. §255, requires telecommunications services and equipment to be accessible, where readily achievable. Where not readily achievable, such services and equipment must nevertheless be compatible with existing peripheral devices or specialized customer premises equipment used to achieve access, again where this is readily achievable. Readily achievable is defined as "easily accomplishable and able to be carried out without much difficulty or expense." The legislation contemplates that manufacturers and service providers will consider access needs during the design, development and fabrication of their offerings, so that expensive and burdensome retrofitting for access will not be necessary.

Section 255 directed the Access Board to develop guidelines to achieve access to telecommunications equipment and customer premises equipment (CPE) within eighteen months after the legislation's enactment. In order to accomplish this task, the Access Board created a body similar to EITAAC – called the Telecommunications Access Advisory Committee, or TAAC. After meeting over a period of seven months, TAAC presented its proposed guidelines to the Access Board in January of 1997. The contents of these proposals formed the basis for the Access Board's Section 255 guidelines, released to the public on February 3, 1998, 63 Fed. Reg. 5608 (Feb. 3, 1998), codified at 36 C.F.R. Part 1193, and effective as of March 5, 1998. The FCC will soon release rules to implement Section 255's mandates for telecommunications service providers. Those rules will also create procedures to enforce Section 255's provisions with respect to telecommunications services, telecommunications equipment, and CPE.

The Access Board's guidelines on Section 255 create detailed requirements for the accessibility, usability, and compatibility of telecommunications equipment and CPE. 36 C.F.R. §1193 et. seq. Among other things, the guidelines contain requirements for input, output, display, control, and mechanical functions to be accessible by individuals with varying disabilities and functional limitations. The compatibility requirements focus on the need for standard connectors, compatibility of controls with prosthetics, and TTY compatibility. In order to identify access needs and solutions, the guidelines direct manufacturers to consider consulting with individuals with disabilities, and suggest including individuals with disabilities in market research and the validation of access solutions. The new rules define "usability" as access to information about the product, and direct that "instructions, product information . . . , documentation, and technical support" be functionally equivalent to that which is provided to individuals without disabilities. In order to monitor the industry's progress in making telecommunications equipment accessible, the Access Board will compile periodic "market monitoring reports," that will identify the state of the art of CPE and telecommunications equipment, as well as problem areas and solutions that have been used to achieve access to these products. The first of these reports is well under way.

Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act is the next logical step in the progression of these various Federal civil rights laws. Much of the earlier legislation focused on access to what has traditionally fallen into the field of "telecommunications." But our nation is now witnessing a rapid convergence of these traditionally telecommunications technologies with new and advanced electronic and information technologies. As our Federal government becomes increasingly reliant on these convergent technologies, Section 508 will ensure that individuals with disabilities will be able to reap their many benefits.

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3.定義

3.1　電子化・情報技術

3.1.1　E&IT前置き

電子化・情報技術は、情報技術だけよりも広範囲に及んでいて、将来の情報状況の広がり全体を含んでいます。508条の意図は、政府雇用人と一般の人が政府の情報状況にあるがままにアクセスできることを確保することにあります。

発展している情報環境は、今日では不完全にしか理解されていないが、（これだけに限定されませんが）取得・創造・翻訳・複写・操作・保存・管理・移動・制御・表示・切り替え・交換・送信そして音声・画像・テキストそしてリアルタイム型（変換・交流・相互作用）と遅延表現型（情報サービス・出版など）の両方についての全ての型のデータ構造など広い範囲での情報の取得を含むようなもの、と理解されます。 508条での"電子化・情報技術"の定義は、将来のものにも呼びかけ、国家安全装備の除外を含む1996年Clinger Cohen法によって出発した"電子化・情報技術"の定義と一致しますがより幅の広いものであることを意味していると理解されます。

3.1.2　E&IT定義の本文

"電子化・情報技術"（Electronic and Information Technology　E&IT）という用語は、以下の所で、情報活動を行う場合使用される電子化技術を意味します：

"電子化・情報技術"には、装置・ハードウェアー・コンピュータ・ソフトウェアー・ROMに記憶されたファームウェアーと同種の処理系・システム・付随の技術・内容を如何なる手段であれ作動状態にする技術・文書・サービス（サポートサービスも含み）そして関連リソースがありますが、これに限定されません。サブシステム・連結そして連結されたシステムを含みます。

"情報活動"には、これだけに限られませんが、創造・翻訳・複写・サービス・取得・操作・保存・管理・移動・制御・表示・切り替え・交換・送信そしてデータや情報の取得があります。情報活動には、同調やリアルタイムの交流と同等に情報サービスや伝言システムといった遅延型表現活動が含まれます。

"情報の書式"には、これだけに限りませんが、音声・画像・躍動的な内容・電子的や視覚的や音響的や光学的その他の書式であろうと全てのタイプのデータ構造が含まれます。

3.2　障害（ディサビリティ）

この文書で使われているように障害（ディサビリティ）とは、改善された1973年リハビリテーション法と同じ定義になっています。

3.3　過度な課題

過度な課題とは、非常な困難さもしくは経費を意味します。法律が問題の局の過程に過度な課題を何処に課しているかを決めるに際して、考慮すべき要因は以下のようなものです：

3.3.1
このセクションの下で要求されている法の性質とコスト；
3.3.2
雇用人の数・設備数と型そして局の予算を含む局のプログラムと資源の絶対的な大きさ；
3.3.3
局の総労働力の構成や構造を含む局の過程の型；そして
3.3.4
局の資源や過程に及ぼす法のインパクト（衝撃）。

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4. 508条装備

508条は州政府の調達過程を通して道具建て（装備）が与えられるように設計さ れています。効果的な施行に十分な明確さでアクセシビリティを記述定義する 基準を作成する責務に加えて、電子化・情報技術諮問委員会（EITAAC）勧告は 州政府調達を通してこれらの基準の道具建て（装備）にも呼びかけなくてはな りません。

Manufacturers and providers of E&IT products need to be able to make design choices and R&D investments with a clear understanding of the criteria Federal procurement officials will use. Federal procurement officials in turn need to acquire E&IT based on verifiable accessibility. Federal enforcement officials need to be able to measure improvements in accessibility, in order to report progress to Congress, as required by law, and to take enforcement action where appropriate. People with disabilities, whether Federal employees or the general public, need to be able to rely on the Federal procurement system to promptly and effectively deliver accessible E&IT incorporating current technologies, including advances in accessibility.

Addressing these needs will foster the successful, effective implementation of Section 508. All of these requirements need to be met within the statutory definitions and the Undue Burden standard imposed by Section 508. The EITAAC has been very mindful of the additional complexities and responsibilities associated with the need for effective procurement under the FAR and has incorporated these factors in its deliberations. The major implementation factors affecting accessibility are described below.

4.1　調達過程

In its deliberations, the EITAAC was mindful that the ultimate application of accessibility will be in the purchase of goods and services in Federal procurements. Within the procurement regulations structure, compliance with Section 508 may be addressed by a combination of two approaches:

A Representations requirement which compels vendors to declare as a condition of the contract, that the products and services comply with all statutory procurement requirements, including Section 508. Such declarations would be subject to applicable administrative and statutory penalties.

An Evaluation approach, which incorporates accessibility as one of the attributes examined and evaluated by the Government as a part of the source selection decision.

The EITAAC report is structured to address both approaches by both defining the minimal acceptable accessibility requirements and also encouraging alternate technical approaches which incorporate technology advancements and innovations in accessibility.

4.1.1 Compliance with standards

Agencies will procure E&IT in such a way as to meet the requirements of Section 508. The standards of evaluation are in Section 5.2 of this report. In addition, E&IT that fits the conditions in Section 5.3 shall meet or exceed the standards in Section 5.3. The procurement agency is responsible for evaluating the E&IT against these standards. Agencies shall carry out this evaluation whether:

In every case, the agency is responsible for compliance with Section 508. To meet this obligation, agencies should address accessibility in determinations of need and include accessibility within the scope of market research as defined in the Federal Acquisition Regulations (FAR). The EITAAC recommends a written questionnaire format which permits suppliers to indicate the technical approaches and features in their products and services that are applicable to the adopted standards.

4.1.2 代替技術方法と技術変化

Alternative technical approaches and technological change

The EITAAC recognizes the need of Federal agencies and people with disabilities to benefit from technological advances. The pace of technology advancements in E&IT is rapid and the level of innovation is high. In this environment, a static standard consisting of design specification and fixed checklists would tend to stifle innovation and to delay the availability of technology advancements to people with disabilities. At the same time, clear and specific standards are necessary in order to ensure compliance. To balance these needs, the EITAAC standards explicitly address alternative technical approaches. The technical standards describe the minimum acceptable level of accessibility and the relevant accessibility features which are either available or under development at the time of publication.

Therefore, the accessibility requirements in this report are intended as a baseline, the minimum to which additional improvements and enhancements will be added. Manufacturers and providers should be encouraged to exceed these requirements, and the procurement process should reward them for doing so. This will foster innovation and improvement in accessibility.

4.2 標準の更新（Standards Refreshment）

Over time, improvements in technical approaches to accessibility of Federal E&IT will come from three primary sources. One source will be the continuing development of technical standards for accessibility. A second source is advances in scientific understanding of human factors. These developments will be incorporated by the periodic Standards Refreshment by the Access Board. Thus, the accessibility standards and the detailed technical assistance the Access Board provides to agencies will be evaluated and updated over time. The third source will be producers of E&IT products and of assistive technologies, who will progressively introduce new inventions, new innovations, and new products into the marketplace (see Section 4.1.2 above). As with the evaluation of accessibility compliance, the responsibility for evaluating these alternative technical approaches rests with the Federal agencies. The intent of section 508 is to encourage the introduction of new E&IT products and approaches which progressively enhance and improve the accessibility of E&IT to Federal employees and to the General Public. In turn, the EITAAC standards are designed to encourage agencies to consider these improved alternatives as they are introduced.

Concurrent with the development of the EITAAC standards, multiple national and international standards have been developed and are continuing to emerge. The EITAAC has referred to some of these standards in section 5.3. Others are expected to be cited by the Access Board in technical assistance to Federal agencies. These standards and standard setting committees include, among others:

These examples demonstrate the degree to which accessibility is receiving increasing attention and priority throughout the world. This heightened interest suggests further investments and advancements in accessibility technologies in many countries and across multiple scientific disciplines. As these advancements progress, the Access Board (or other appropriate body) should review and update the Federal accessibility standards to reflect the advancing State of the Art. Because E&IT is a global market, the use of international standards where appropriate will also benefit agencies and people with disabilities by reducing costs that would be associated with designing and developing different products to meet conflicting requirements in different markets.

4.3 装備の原則（Principles for Implementation）

In implementing the Section 508 requirements, Federal agencies are responsible for ensuring that Federal E&IT provides Federal employees and members of the public who have disabilities access to data and information that is comparable to that of employees and members of the public who do not have disabilities, except where this requirement would create an undue burden on the agency. Section 5 presents the EITAAC's recommended standards for identifying whether E&IT provides this comparable access. Agencies should take the principles set forth in this section into account in implementing these requirements. These are necessary in order to ensure that the requirements of Section 508 are met fully, effectively, and efficiently--both now and in the future as the technological capability of E&IT evolves. The Access Board will provide ongoing technical assistance to agencies in applying these principles.

4.3.1 利用者アクセスと有効性の原則

Principle of User Access and Efficiency

Accessibility is measured for each individual in their interaction with specific E&IT. Relevant issues are whether the individual with a disability can use the E&IT to perform the same tasks, access the same information, with the same approximate ease and in the same approximate time and at the same cost as a person without a disability using the E&IT. For this evaluation, cost is to the individual Federal employee or member of the public, not to the procuring agency. For example, if the information is available to the general public for free, the accessible version of that information shall also be free.

This principle focuses on the user's ability to independently perform tasks to the best of their abilities. Accessibility provisions should not only permit basic access, they should also allow people with disabilities to maximize the use of the abilities they have. People with disabilities need efficient access to be comparably productive with their colleagues.

4.3.2 技術実現性の原則（Principle of Technical Feasibility）

The standards in Section 5 were written to allow for evolution in the technical feasibility of these requirements. The rapid development of technology makes any determination of current technical feasibility extremely short lived. Hence, at the highest level of this standard the document attempts to set forth the generic requirements based on human need. Section 5.3 identifies with greater specificity the current, technologically feasible approaches for making certain classes and features of E&IT accessible. Full compliance with a particular standard in Section 5.2 may not currently be technically feasible with current technology for some particular applications. Technical feasibility must therefore be evaluated within the procurement process. However, as technology advances, the agencies must exercise judgment, with technical assistance from the Access Board, industry, and consumers, to determine when a requirement has become technically feasible for a particular application or environment. This judgment must then be incorporated into the agencies' procurement processes to ensure continuing compliance with Section 508.

4.3.3 均衡の原則（Principle of Proportionality）

In implementing the standards, agencies must ensure that no standard is applied so as to go beyond what is necessary to achieve its objective. This principle is intended to assure that requirements do not create unforeseen inefficiencies and create cost without significant benefit.

4.3.4 柔軟性の原則（Principle of Flexibility）

Agencies should apply this principle to reflect the fact that different users have preferences or necessities to operate E&IT in different ways. Just as it is common to be able to achieve a given operation in any of several ways (for example by a mouse or keyboard commands), where available, more than one accessibility option should be provided. For example, telling a person with low vision that the only accessibility accommodation was speech output rather than providing screen magnification is not a reasonable position.

4.3.5 両立と適合の原則

Principle of Compatibility and Adaptability）

The E&IT products, services, and systems that Federal agencies procure for use by their employees and the public as well as the technologies (including Assistive Technologies) whose purpose is to provide accessibility that are purchased by Federal agencies must be compatible.

In procuring E&IT and Assistive Technologies, to comply with Section 508, agencies have a responsibility to do more than merely verify that the E&IT works in one application with one particular Assistive Technology product. At the same time, it is unreasonable to expect that agencies and vendors of E&IT can ensure that the E&IT will be directly compatible with (or adaptable to work with) every current or prospective accessibility technology. Nevertheless, agencies have a responsibility to ensure that E&IT and accessibility technologies are as broadly compatible as possible without creating an undue burden. In making this determination, agencies should consider the use of government, or industry standards for hardware and software interfaces as positive, but not definitive, indicators that E&IT and accessibility technologies that are being considered for procurement will be compatible.

4.4 技術指針（Technical Guidance）

The Access Board must be able to provide coherent technical guidance to Federal agencies seeking to comply with Section 508. Because Section 508 addresses E&IT, the standards for accessibility will change rapidly with time. Issues will become better understood, and best practices will evolve. The Access Board needs to be funded to deliver this technical guidance, or the ability of Federal agencies to implement Section 508 will be impaired.

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5.提案された基準

5.1　はじめに

州政府が調達する電子化・情報技術（E&IT）は、障害ある個人にアクセスでき利用可能でなければなりません。障害ある個人がアクセスでき利用可能であるということは、入力と制御機能・機械的な機構の操作・ビジュアルや音響的な書式で表示される情報へのアクセスを含み、E&ITの普通の操作機能全てが実行できることです。また、E&ITにアクセスするのに使われる支援技術とともに作動できることや障害ある人が日常の基本として使う支援技術と干渉しないことも含まれます。E&ITと協調する文書やサービスにもアクセスしやすく利用可能でなければなりません。

この基準は3.1.2で定義されているようにE&ITの全ての範囲に適用され、交流・複写・コンピュータ化・保管・表現・制御・輸送そして製品もふくまれます。

これらは、以下の障害がある人を含めて、可能な限り広く障害ある人がアクセスし利用可能でなければなりません：

これらの基準は、二つのセクションに別れています。

包括的な要求は一番高いレベルの要求で、E&ITs全てに適用されます。これらの要求は実行基準で、一般にみられるさまざまな人の要求に基づいて書かれています。人の要求に基づくもので、これらの要求には、それに呼びかけるのに使われる特別な技術的な装備を必要としません。さらに現在の技術の状態や制限を反映しています。したがって必要な最高度レベルにおいて文書は、調達課程で決定される技術的上実行可能性を認める要求（基準）ではじめます。

技術特別基準は特別なE&ITにだけ、特別な機能もしくは引用された機能を含めて、に適用されます。これらの要求は範囲が限られています。これらの要求は、特殊なクラスのE&ITで要求される特別なアクセス属性のための基準を提供しています。

これらの基準は現在の技術の状況や限界を考慮して記載されていません。ですから、全ての基準が、今日すべての技術が技術的にまた商業的に実現可能ではないかもしれません。しかし、そのいっぽうで技術の急速な進歩は製品に柔軟性と能力を追加する新しい機会を作り出しています。技術上の変化がアクセシビリティに利益をもたらすとは限りません。今までの例で、新技術が一時的にアクセスしやすさを後退させる結果となることがあります。この一番いい例は、キャラクター基本のコンピューターからピクセル基本のコンピュータ（グラフィック・ユーザー・インターフェース）への移行です。したがって刷新的な新E&ITを考慮して、州政府局はこれらの基準の508条での適用にあたって特に念入りにしなければなりません。

E&ITは、E&ITが障害ある人に利用可能でE&ITをへて表現される情報がその人達にアクセス可能であることを保証する以下の状況を満たすことができなければなりません。これらの状況は一つ一つまた組み合わされて場合にも適用されなければなりません。E&ITにとって、できるだけ（過酷な課題がない限り）全ての状況に適用されるべきです。

5.2　アクセシビリティの包括的な基準

5.2.1　操作と情報のアクセシビリティ

アクセシビリティとは、提供される情報にアクセスできることと同様に、配置・識別・入力や制御機械的な機能上の全操作が可能であることも含まれます。情報のアクセシビリティには、テキスト・静的また躍動的な画像・アイコン・音響・偶発的な合図操作が含まれます。

またアクセシビリティには、聞く目的・蝸牛移植・人工装具そして車椅子など個人のの能力を発展もしくは強化するのに使われる個人的な支援技術と同じように障害ある個人の身体的な特徴に適用できることも、含まれます。

5.2.1.1　視覚なしでも利用可能に

5.2.1.1.1

視覚を必要としないモードを少なくとも一つは提供する。[TAAG]
5.2.1.1.2
音響書式で、少なくとも一つのモード経由で視覚的な情報を提供する。[TAAG]
5.2.1.2　音響に依存しなくても低視覚で利用可能に。
5.2.1.2.1
視力が20/70〜20/200の利用者も制御や機械的機能の操作が可能で、音響出力に依存しないモードを少なくとも一つ提供するように。 [TAAG]
5.2.1.2.2
音響出力に依存しない視力が20/70〜20/200の利用者に、少なくとも一つ視覚的な情報を提供するように。 [TAAG]
5.2.1.2.3
音響と非音響接近法が提供されている場合、別々でも同時にでも作動できるように。
5.2.1.2.4
最悪の場合テキストと背景とのコントラストは、70％以上で、この仕様に合うようにテキストもしくは背景を調節できるように。
5.2.1.3　色彩認知が少ないかもしくは色彩認知がない
5.2.1.3.1
色彩認知を必要としないモードを少なくとも一つ提供する。[TAAG]
5.2.1.3.2
表現された情報が色彩認知を要求しないようにしましょう。
5.2.1.4　聞かなくても利用可能に
5.2.1.4.1
音響認知を必要としないモードを少なくとも一つ提供する。[TAAG]
5.2.1.4.2
少なくとも一つの視覚的な書式、必要なら点字書式、のモード経由で音響情報を提供する。マルチメディア素材もしくは利用者の相互作用が必要な所の視覚／点字書式の表示は、音響表現と同調させる。
5.2.1.5　聴力制限でも利用可能に
5.2.1.5.1
強化されたされた音響上の形式（たとえば、増幅）の少なくともとも一つのモードを経て、製品の使用上重要な音響フィードバック音質を含む音響情報を提供する。
5.2.1.5.2
装置からの音声出力には漸増的な音量制御を提供し、少なくとも89 dB SPLの中間段階があり、少なくとも97 dB SPLレベルにまで出力増幅でるように。
5.2.1.5.3
音声合図の伝達には、最低20 dBまで音量再調整を提供する。漸増的な音量制御では、少なくとも音量で12 dBの中間段階を提供する。
5.2.1.5.4
その他の利用者の安全のために、E&ITが120 dB SPLを超える能力をもっている場合、利用者の使用前でなく使用後に自動的に安全なレベルまで音量を再設定する機構が含まれるように（たとえば、手動で変えられている場合）。
　
5.2.1.5.4.1
自動音量再設定があれば、非公的・非割り当てのE&ITsもしくは利用者の音量設定が容易な手段に置き代える。
　
5.2.1.5.4.2
置き代えられるものがあると、視覚的に現在の音量設定を決められものであるように。
5.2.1.6　手動の敏捷さ・リーチそして力に制限があっても利用可能に
5.2.1.6.1
細かい制御や同時動作を必要としないモードを少なくとも一つ提供する。[TAAG]
5.2.1.6.2
リーチや力に制限があっても操作できるモードを少なくとも一つ提供する。[TAAG]
5.2.1.6.3
E&ITは、ADAAG 1998に適合するよう：セクション4.27.4　制御と操作機構。
5.2.1.7　時間間隔に関連する制御や表示なしでも利用可能に
5.2.1.7.1
応答時間を必要としないモードを少なくとも一つ提供する。利用者によって回避もしくは平均的な利用者が少なくとも5秒で設定するところを5倍に等しい割合以上に応答時間が調整されなら、応答時間は要求されてもいい。
5.2.1.7.2
動的なテキストに、利用者の選択で静的な表現を少なくとも一つ提供する。[TAAG]
5.2.1.8　読み上げなくても利用可能に
5.2.1.8.1
読み上げを要求しないmpードを少なくとも一つ提供する。[TAAG]
5.2.1.9　認識や記憶能力に制限があっても利用可能に
5.2.1.9.1
利用者に要求される認識や記憶能力が最小ですむモードを少なくとも一つ提供する。
5.2.1.10　言語や学習障害者でも利用可能に
5.2.1.10.1
学習障害のある人に適するモードを少なくとも一つ提供する。
5.2.1.11　音響中断の入手
5.2.1.11.1
E&ITアクセス機能が発声出力を出す場合、個人に聞く機構を提供する。
5.2.1.11.2
E&ITアクセス機能が発声出力を出す場合、中断用機構を提供する。
5.2.1.12　視覚的に引き起こす発作を防ぐ
5.2.1.12.1
視覚的な表示や指示計器では、光感受性てんかんのある人で発作を誘発するかもしれない視覚的な点滅を最小にします。[TAAG]　3 Hz以下もしくは60 Hz以上の割合が推奨されています。
5.2.1.13　生物測定法的な識別／活動迂回路
5.2.1.13.1
利用者の識別や活動の生物測定形式（網膜スキャン・虹彩スキャン・声紋識別・指紋スキャンなど）が使われる場合、利用者に特別な生物学的な特徴があることが必要でない識別の代替形式を提供する。
5.2.1.14　上肢人工装具でも利用可能に
5.2.1.14.1
タッチスクリーンもしくはタッチ操作制御は、身体接触もしくは近位人区幹を要求しなくても利用可能にする。[TAAG]
5.2.1.15　聴力補助適合（Hearing aid compatibility）
5.2.1.15.1
Where an E&IT delivers output by an audio transducer which is normally held up to the ear, provide a means for effective magnetic wireless coupling to hearing aids. If the E&IT communicates by RF, electromagnetic compatibility with hearing aids shall be addressed. EIA RS-504 defines the signal level requirements for this section. ANSI C63.19 (draft)provides the tests and parameters for compatibility between hearing aids and wireless communications devices including magnetic (t-coil) and electromagnetic compatibility. [NOTE: ANSI C63.19 (draft) applies and extends the requirements of EIA RS-504 for use with wireless communications devices. It provides more specific guidance for cases where an RF transmission field is also involved.]
5.2.1.16　車椅子もしくは同種の移動装置からの利用可能に
5.2.1.16.1
E&IT shall be usable from a wheelchair or similar mobility device. For this reason the E&IT shall comply with the following provisions of the ADAAG 1998: Section 4.2 Space Allowance and Reach Ranges; Section 4.3 Accessible Route; Section 4.5 Ground and Floor Surfaces.

5.2.2　アクセスに使用される装置との互換性

5.2.2.1 Information Pass Through.
5.2.2.1.1
All E&IT that acts as a transport or conduit for information/communication shall pass through cross-manufacturer, non-proprietary, industry-standard codes, translation protocols, formats or other information necessary to provide the information/communication in an accessible format. In particular, technologies which use encoding, signal compression, format transformation, or similar techniques shall not remove information needed for access or shall restore it upon delivery.
5.2.2.2 External electronic access to all information and control mechanisms.
5.2.2.2.1
Information and control needed for the real time operation of an E&IT (including equivalent access to control, output, alerts, icons, on-line help, and on-line documentation) shall be available to an external device in a cross-industry standard form that is easily and completely translatable into text. This form shall be available via a cross- industry standard port that does not require manipulation of a connector by the user.
5.2.2.3　外付け音響処理装置用の接続端子
5.2.2.3.1
E&ITs providing auditory output shall provide the auditory signal at a standard signal level through an industry standard connector. [TAAG] An exception is E&ITs that only provide simple auditory information that is also provided visually by the E&IT.

5.2.3　情報・文書・ラベル&サポート

Information, documentation, labeling, and support provided to customers shall be accessible. Such information and documentation includes user guides, installation guides for end-user installable devices, and E&IT support communications, regarding both the E&IT in general and the accessibility features of the E&IT. This includes (but is not limited to):

5.2.3.1
Providing a description of the accessibility and compatibility features of the E&IT upon request, including, as needed, in alternate formats or alternate modes at no additional charge.
5.2.3.2
Providing end-user E&IT documentation in alternate formats or alternate modes upon request at no additional charge.
5.2.3.3
Ensuring accessible and usable customer support and technical support in the call centers and service centers (including TTY and training in the use of telecommunications relay services) which support their E&ITs at no additional charge beyond that which is charged to non-disabled users (including allowances for extra communication time).
5.2.3.4
Making electronic versions of the documents available on the Internet in accessible form on an accessible site. It shall also be available on request via mail.
5.2.3.5
Including the contact method for obtaining the information required by this section, in general E&IT information.
5.2.3.6
Ensuring that any training provided (by manufacturers, providers or other parties) accommodates the functional capabilities of all participants. In developing, or incorporating existing training programs, consideration shall be given to the following factors: Accessibility needs of individuals with disabilities (as participants or trainers); Means of communicating with individuals with disabilities before and after training; Commonly used adaptive technology used with the manufacturers and provider's E&ITs; Solutions for accessibility and compatibility.

5.3　技術特殊基準

In addition to the requirements above, the following standards apply to E&IT with the following functions:

5.3.1　物理的なキーボード使用の場合

In addition to the requirements in Section 5.2 and applicable portions of Section 5.3, it shall meet the following requirements:

5.3.1.1
Keys shall be tactilely discernable without actuating the keys.
5.3.1.2
The keyboard delay before repeat, if keyboard repeat is supported, shall be adjustable to at least 2 seconds. Key repeat rate shall be adjustable to 2 seconds per character.
5.3.1.3
All actions available or required by the E&IT shall be available from the keyboard (i.e., keyboard equivalents for all non-keyboard actions or commands).
5.3.1.4
E&IT (including software applications and electronic forms) shall provide logical navigation among interface elements (e.g. fields, buttons and controls) such as by tabbing or use of cursor keys.
5.3.1.5
Assigned keyboard access (e.g., Ctrl+P for Print, Escape for cancel) shall be provided for commonly used functions or commands.
5.3.1.6
All keyboard access functionality shall be documented with the E&IT and/or follow documented operating system conventions.
5.3.1.7
The software intended to be installed on an E&IT shall not interfere with existing accessibility features built into the E&IT or its operating system (e.g., Sticky Keys, Slow Keys, Repeat Keys).
5.3.1.8
The status of all locking or latching keys shall be discernable either through touch or sound, in addition to being visually discernable.
5.3.1.9
The keyboard map shall not change except under user control, so that a user memorizing key locations shall be able to rely on those locations.

5.3.2　E&ITがソフトウェアーの性質で、操作システムのあるプラットフォーム作動する場合

In addition to the requirements in Section 5.2 and applicable portions of Section 5.3, it shall meet the following requirements:

5.3.2.1
It shall support Keyboard Access as described in Section 5.3.1, if the E&IT has a keyboard.
5.3.2.2
Provide a well-defined visual focus indicator that moves among interactive interface elements as the input focus changes. The focus shall be programmatically exposed (read and set) so that assistive technology can track focus and focus changes.
5.3.2.3
Sufficient information about a user interface element shall be available to assistive technology to enable the AT to understand the identity, operation and state of the element (e.g., element is a text box with label "enter password," or a check box which is checked).
5.3.2.4
Where an image represents an interface element or the state of an interface element, there must be a way for assistive technology to associate meaningful text with the image. Examples include providing text labels for desktop icons, or making text available as a pop-up, tool-tip, or bubble help to concisely indicate state, or the result of acting on the element. Such text shall be programmatically accessible to assistive technology.
5.3.2.5
The use of images shall be consistent throughout the application (e.g., use the same folder icon or the same icon to indicate 'selected' if such is used in several places in the application).
5.3.2.6
Provide text through an Application Programming Interface (API)supporting interaction with assistive technology or use system text writing tools. The minimum information that shall be available to an assistive technology is text content, text input caret location, and text attributes.
5.3.2.7
Provide a wide variety of color and font settings to allow for high contrast color schemes, large fonts and different font styles, including serif and sans-serif. Inherit and respect system-wide color settings.
5.3.2.8
Do not use color coding as the only means of conveying information or indicating an action. The software must provide an alternative or parallel method of displaying information that can be used by individuals who do not possess the ability to identify colors.
5.3.2.9
System startup and restart shall be accessible.
5.3.2.10
Electronic forms shall be accessible in a manner, which allows full access to the information, field elements, and functionality required for completion of the form including all directions and cues.
5.3.2.11
Software packages which install applications and operating system components shall conform to provisions in Sec. 5.3.1 and 5.3.2, or be fully accessible through an industry standard port as provided in Sec. 5.2.2.2.

5.3.3　E&ITがウェブに基づく情報やアプリケーションを利用する場合

セクション5.2での要件とセクション5.3の該当箇所以外に、E&ITがウェブに基づく情報もしくは書式、イントラネット・ハイパーテキストマーク付け言語（HTML）・拡張可能マーク付け言語（XML）そして同種の書式を含む、を利用する場合、以下の要件に従いましょう：

5.3.3.1
ウェブ内容は、World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) のウェブ内容アクセス指針1.0" http://www.w3.org/TR/WAI-WEBCONTENTから入手（ 翻訳）、の「タブルA」レベル、優先度1と2チェックポイントを全て満たす、に適合しましょう。
5.3.3.2
ウェブページやサイト（What-You-See-Is-What-I-Get(WYSIWIG)エディター・変換道具・画像編集道具・サイト管理道具）を制作する道具は、 http://www.w3.org/TR/から入手できるW3Cの「Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines」の［Access Boardが規則としている現時点で最新版］の優先度1と2を満たしましょう。
5.3.3.3.
表示代行手段は、 http://www.w3.org/TR/から入手できるW3Cの「User Agent Accessibility Guidelines」の［Access Boardが規則としている現時点で最新版］の優先度1と2を満たしましょう。
5.3.3.4
誘導リンクや道具バーがページのトップや左側にある場合、ページの先頭にリンク（テキストリンクもしくは画像の代替テキスト）を置き、"誘導リンクを飛び越す"と記載し、利用者が主ページ・ページの開始点もしくは見出し（ヘッドライン）に行けるようにしましょう。
5.3.3.5
広いアスキーII作品が使われている場合、利用者がアスキーII作品の終まで飛び越せるリンクを提供しましょう。

5.3.4　E&ITが遠距離数新機能を提供している場合

In addition to the requirements in Section 5.2 and applicable portions of Section 5.3, it shall meet the following requirements:

5.3.4.1
Telecommunications E&IT and customer premises E&IT shall be compatible with peripheral devices and specialized customer premises E&IT commonly used by individuals with disabilities to achieve accessibility, and shall comply with the following provisions, as applicable:
　
5.3.4.1.1 TTY connectability:
E&ITs which provide a function allowing voice communication and which do not themselves provide a TTY functionality shall provide a standard non-acoustic connection point for TTYs. It shall also be possible for the user to easily turn any microphone on and off to allow the user to intermix speech with TTY use.
　
5.3.4.1.2 TTY signal compatibility:
E&ITs which include voice communication functionality, shall support use of all cross-manufacturer non-proprietary standard signals used by TTYs.
5.3.4.2
TTY users shall be able to utilize voice mail, auto-attendant, and interactive voice response systems directly with their TTY.
5.3.4.3
Voice mail, auto-attendant, and interactive voice response systems shall provide at least one mode which does not require users to respond within a timed interval or allows users to adjust the timing and repetition of those intervals so that the systems can be used both by people with slower response times and by Telecommunication Relay Services or other situations where a person is interpreting for or assisting a user.
5.3.4.4
If messaging is supported for voice calls, it shall be supported for TTY.
5.3.4.5
Special services such as ANI (Automatic Number Identification) and ALI (Automatic Location Identification), if provided for voice telephony users, shall also be provided for users of a TTY and for users who cannot see displays.

5.3.5　E&ITがビデオもしくはマルチメディアを利用する場合

In addition to the requirements in Section 5.2 and applicable portions of Section 5.3, it shall meet the following requirements:

5.3.5.1
Regardless of format, all video that contains speech or other audio necessary for comprehension of the content shall be either open- or closed-captioned. Closed captioned video must not require separate hardware, circuitry, or software to open the captions, except as noted in Section 5.3.5.5.
　
5.3.5.1.1
Analog video media shall use the "EIA-608 specification" for line-21 closed caption data.
5.3.5.1.2
Digital video formats that are defined by the Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) shall use the specification EIA-708-A for closed captioning. (NOTE: By July 1, 1999 the FCC will initiate an NPRM on characteristics of Advanced Television Closed Captioning. The resulting rule may or may not be identical to EIA-708-A, and when issued should be incorporated into the E&IT guidelines.)
5.3.5.1.3
Digital video disk (DVD) stored video shall use the EIA-608 specification.
5.3.5.2
When a piece of media, including analog and digital video, contains visual information essential to understanding its content, the media shall also be available with narrative descriptions of visual displays. Digital video formats, including digital broadcast formats defined by the Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) shall use the ancillary audio channels as defined in ATSC ancillary audio technical specifications, unless the narrative description is in the primary audio channel.
5.3.5.3
Display or presentation of alternate text presentation or narrative descriptions shall be user-selectable unless permanent.
5.3.5.4
All television displays 13 inches and larger, and computer equipment that includes tv receiver circuitry (TV E&IT) shall be equipped with caption decoder circuitry which receives and properly decodes and displays closed captions from broadcast, cable, videotape, and DVD signals. Analog displays and receivers in computer components shall comply with the Federal Communications Commission part 15 rules which govern the specifications for television receivers. Digital television displays shall contain decoder circuitry as defined in EIA-708 and shall receive and properly decode closed captions from digital television and from compatible auxiliary video sources. TV E&IT not governed by these rules (e.g., monitors less than 13 inches, or monitors not equipped with built-in tuners and therefore not considered television displays), shall be equipped with separate closed caption decoders that comply with EIA-608.
5.3.5.5
Digital television displays shall be equipped with caption decoder circuitry which receives and properly decodes and displays closed captions according to the "EIA-708-A" specification.
5.3.5.6
Analog television displays shall be equipped with Secondary Audio Program playback circuitry as defined by the Multi-channel Television Sound specification.
5.3.5.7
Digital television displays shall be equipped with ancillary audio playback capabilities as defined by the Advanced Television Systems Committee.
5.3.5.8
Embedded or encoded alternate text presentations (closed captions) and narrative descriptions shall be preserved intact when a piece of media is copied, transmitted, reformatted (edited), or transformed for display on subsequent platforms (particularly when digitized from an original analog format). "Preserved intact" includes maintaining all styles and exact timing and synchronization commands and zero introduction of errors or garbling of data.

5.3.6　E&ITが情報処理機械(Information Transaction Machine: ITM)の場合

In addition to the requirements in Section 5.2 and applicable portions of Section 5.3, Information Transaction Machines, including, but not limited to, Automated Teller Machines (ATMs), Electronic kiosks and Point-of-Sale (POS) terminals, shall meet the following:

5.3.6.1
The establishing of a person's identity and user interface (UI) display and interaction preferences shall be possible and of equivalent ease for people with and without disabilities. Examples of identification methods include cards, smart cards and biometrics. Examples of UI display preferences include magnified content, voice output, and remote access.
5.3.6.2
The ITM shall be useable without the need of attaching a device to it or copying an assistive technology from a user device onto it. For purposes of this provision, a 2.5 mm. headphone jack that supports the use of headphones shall not be considered an external device.
5.3.6.3
The ITM shall support full access to the functionality of the ITM in a secure manner via an external personal device connected to the ITM through wireless means, based on cross industry, community developed standards, per 5.2.2.2.1.

5.3.7 E&ITがPDAの場合

In addition to the requirements in Section 5.2 and applicable portions of Section 5.3, it shall meet the following requirements:

5.3.7.1
If it is not currently technically feasible to make a PDA accessible for a segment of disabled users, the host functions that support that PDA shall be made available to personal devices, such as laptop computers or dedicated notetakers, to achieve equivalent functionality

5.3.8　E&ITがネットワークを覆うインターフェースを提供する場合

In addition to the requirements in Section 5.2 and applicable portions of Section 5.3, it shall meet the following requirements:

5.3.8.1
The user interface it provides over the network must meet the applicable requirements of section 5.3.2.

5.3.9　E&ITが布線とその他の接続、またはどちらか一方、できる場合

In addition to the requirements in Section 5.2 and applicable portions of Section 5.3, it shall meet the following requirements:

5.3.9.1
Connection of appropriate cables, mounting and attaching external elements of the E&IT (e.g. connecting an external monitor or accessory), the force required to make connections shall be no greater than 5 lbf (22.2 N).
5.3.9.2
Cables shall be tactilely differentiable or keyed for corresponding connections (which are also tactilely differentiable).

5.3.10　E&ITが情報を作成するのに使われる場合

In addition to the requirements in Section 5.2 and applicable portions of Section 5.3, it shall meet the following requirements:

5.3.10.1
Technologies used for production of information (i.e., documents, multimedia, etc.) shall allow for and facilitate the creation of alternative modality formats (visual, audible, tactile and text) if the basic format is not modality independent (e.g., text). Document formats that are primarily designed to recreate images of documents that contain text (except hand-written text) shall not be used unless the text is fully accessible.

#^目次

6. 付　録

6.1 References

IEEE Std 100-1997, The New IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics Terms 5th ed.

6.2. Glossary

American Sign Language

A language using a communication system of gestures, handshapes, body movements, and facial expressions to represent words and concepts. ASL has a syntax, grammatical structure, and idioms that are distinct from spoken English.

Alternate formats

Alternate formats may include, but are not limited to, Braille, W3C-WCAG 1.0 compliant HTML, ASCII text, large print, and audio cassette recording.

Alternate modes

Different means of providing information to users of products including product documentation and information about the status or operation of controls. Examples of alternate modes may include, but are not limited to, voice, fax, relay service, TTY, Internet posting, captioning, text-to-speech synthesis, and video description.

Assistive Technologies

Any piece of equipment, product system, or other technology, whether acquired commercially, modified, or customized, that is used to increase, maintain, or improve functional capabilities of individuals with disabilities.

Compatible

Compatible generally means the E&IT can be used with, does not interfere with, and where applicable, can be connected to assistive technology products (hardware and/or software) used by individuals with disabilities to achieve access.

TTY

Originally an abbreviation for teletypewriter, TTYs are text telephone devices which provide real-time, two-way text-based communications over telephone networks. All TTYs support communication using Baudot encoding at 45.45 baud although they may also support other speeds or standards as well.

6.3 頭文字語（Acronyms）

ADA Americans with Disabilities Act

ADAAG Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines

API Application Programming Interface

ASL American Sign Language

AT Assistive Technology

ATM Automated Teller Machines

ATSC Advanced Television Systems Committee

E&IT Electronic and Information Technology

EITAAC Electronic Information Technology Access Advisory Committee

FAR Federal Acquisition Regulations

HTML HyperText Markup Language

ITM Information Transaction Machines

LD Learning Disability

PDA Personal Digital Assistant

POS Point-of-Sale

RF Radio Frequency

SPL Sound Pressure Level

TAAG Telecommunications Act Accessibility Guidelines

TTY See Definitions

UI User Interface

WYSIWYG What-You-See-Is-What-You-Get

W3C WorldWide Web Consortium

XML Extensible Markup Language

6.4　例と背景情報

はじめに

This appendix expands on the material presented in Section 5 of the report. It provides supporting material and suggestions for accessibility solutions for some of the standards in Section 5. Since the proposed standards in Section 5 stand alone, this material is not intended by the Committee to limit the proposed standards in any way. Instead, we think of this as being part of the building of the technical guidance and material that the Access Board will need to develop. This is only a preliminary list of notes and ideas to support the guidelines. For additional information and pointers to other support sources the reader is referred to the Access Boards Website at www.access-board.gov.

5.2.1.1 視覚的でなくても利用可能に関する情報

解決策：Simple controls can be made accessible by tactile means when coupled with good (accessible) instructions. Braille is a good mechanism for providing accessible text to those who know Braille (though not all people who are blind know Braille - especially people who lose their sight when they are older). Voice output is rapidly becoming a viable approach due to continually dropping electronic costs and provides the most widely accessible method for providing access to both displays and controls. (Voice is also helpful to people with learning and cognitive disabilities - See 5.2.1.9 and 5.2.1.10.)

5.2.1.2　音響に頼らなくて低視力者も利用可能に関する情報

背景：Low vision is sometimes accompanied by hearing loss. This is especially common in older people. Audio alone as an accessibility strategy will fail to meet the needs of this group.

Information Regarding 5.2.1.3 Usable with little or no color perception.

Background: This guideline should in no way suggest that color should be avoided. Color is good and very helpful for many disabilities. Information that is conveyed by color however should also be conveyed in other ways as well.

Information Regarding 5.2.1.5 Usable with limited hearing.

Background: People with limited hearing often cannot see well either, especially people who are older. Allowing them to use their residual hearing is therefore important rather than having to rely on sight (e.g. relying on access techniques that would be used by people who are deaf). The 97dB SPL requirement for the minimum level for the maximum volume setting (into a sealed ear coupler) comes from the original AMPS standard TIA/EIA IS-19B and has propagated through the newer cellular phone standards as well.

Information Regarding 5.2.1.7 Usable without time-dependent controls or displays.

Background: This is an important issue for many disabilities. For people who are blind - additional time is often necessary to find and have text read before they can respond. For people with low vision, it often takes them longer to both locate and examine text to read it. For people who are using a Telecommunication Relay service, there are often translation delays that greatly slow people down. People with physical disabilities often are slower and need additional time. Many also find their physical control degrades rapidly when put under timed pressure. People whose native language is different often need longer to read and respond - including some people who are deaf and whose native language is ASL. People with learning disabilities as well as people with cognitive disabilities also often need a longer period to either read or respond.

Information Regarding 5.2.1.8 Usable without Speech.

Background: This applies to some people who are deaf, who have physical disabilities and who have cognitive-language disabilities.

Information Regarding 5.2.1.10 Usable with Learning Disabilities.

Background: People with learning disabilities have an average or better intelligence with neurological disorders that affect reading, writing, listening, speaking, performing mathematics, reasoning or handling distractions. Many of the same solutions that assist people with other disabilities are also helpful to people with learning disabilities ("LD"). For example, multiple modes of information presentation are often quite helpful to people with LD, i.e., seeing and hearing information at the same time and enlarging the text. Persons with Attention Deficit Disorder can benefit from less complex user interfaces, fewer distractions and clear instructions. Ready access to human technical support is an important accommodation issue for people with LD.

Information Regarding 5.2.1.11.1 Availability of audio cutoff. - Private Listening.

Background: This applies only to audio output which is provided as an access feature although it should also be provided where the audio can be turned up and would be a significant annoyance if it were used at higher volume levels. A headphone jack is considered private listening.

Information Regarding 5.2.1.11.2 Availability of audio cutoff. - Interruptability.

Background: If speech output is used as an alternative to a visual display, it is often desirable to be able to have speech interrupted whenever the user invokes a control to execute the next function. This feature, often referred to as "interruptability," enables the user to move quickly from one task to the next without wasting time listening to unnecessary or unwanted verbal information.

Solutions: Provide a mode which silences any ongoing speech whenever the user invokes a function or makes a selection. For example, suppose an ATM is asking the user to select a transaction. Upon pressing a transaction selection, the verbal menu being spoken is halted immediately and the verbal prompts for the transaction selected are spoken.

Another possible solution is to provide a button which, when pressed, stops the outgoing speech.

Information Regarding 5.2.1.12 Prevention of visually-induced seizures.

Background: 20hz is the peak for photosensitive epilepsy. Sensitivity is also enhanced by bright flashes and flashes that occupy large areas of the visual field.

Information Regarding 5.2.1.15 Hearing aid compatibility.

Background: A hearing aid compatible telephone emits magnetic impulses that can be picked up by telecoils in certain hearing aids. The hearing aid user activates the telecoil with a switch on the hearing aid. This enables the user to maximize the hearing aid's volume without feedback and background noise.

Information Regarding 5.2.1.14 Usable with upper extremity prosthetics.

Background: Having a device that requires body touch to be activated (e.g. temperature or capacitance sensitive) creates problems for people using prosthetics.

Solutions: Avoid such designs, by making controls pressure rather than capacitance or heat activated.

Information Regarding 5.2.2.1 Information Pass Through.

Background: Some compression schemes assume there is no data in certain portions of a certain type of signal. However, these historically unused signal areas are often used to pass along additional accessibility information. For example, some video compression technologies effectively stripped captions from video. Some wireless telecommunication devices would not pass TTY signals without unacceptable distortion.

Information Regarding 5.2.2.2 External electronic access to all information and control mechanisms.

Background: Some individuals cannot access traditional input controls and/or output mechanisms. External access would permit the accessibility of these devices to these individuals.

Solutions: To provide external access to the full functionality of the device's interface (including controls and displays) the data interface to the target device and should be in a format that allows the external device to determine at least the following:

The phrase "does not require manipulation of a connector by the user " refers to techniques such as infrared or RF which allow use by people who cannot operate connectors due to physical or other limitations. Accessible control over a wired network also meets the "no connector manipulation required" clause if presence at the E&IT is not required simultaneously.

Information Regarding 5.2.2.3 Connection point for external audio processing devices.

Solutions: A standard headphone or headset jack with standard signal levels would be a solution to this.

Information Regarding 5.2.3 Information, Documentation, Labeling & Support.

Background: Information, Documentation, Labeling & Support should be available to and usable by persons with disabilities in the same timeframes as it is to users without disabilities. Documentation should be available in alternate format to printed text; phone support services available through text telephone support; technician support will have a working knowledge of the integration of assistive technology into the automated office electronic systems.

When non-visual labeling is not possible on internal or external components with which the user must interact, the accessible documentation should contain a detailed verbal description of the layout to identify connectors, switches, switch settings, etc. by their physical shape, texture or proximity and orientation to recognizable tactile landmarks.

Information Regarding 5.3.1 If the E&IT has a physical keyboard...

Background: Touchscreens and other keypads that are featureless tactilely, and rely on visual indications of where to press are impossible for blind people to use without some alternative technique that makes it possible for blind people to know where to press. This Section is intended to present the accessibility requirements for keypads, keyboards and other similar controls.

Solutions: If the device does not have tactile cues then a tactile overlay which provides tactile cues to key locations can be used. Voice output can be used to identify keys and other controls. For touchscreens, access can be provided via a list of all the items on the screen which can be navigated with voice output by touching the screen and by using arrow keys. (See also Information Regarding 5.2.1.1. Usable without vision.)

Information Regarding 5.3.2 If the E&IT is software in nature and runs on a platform that has a operating system...

These standards apply to accessibility for operating systems and application software. This includes software used as a client for cross-platform access to an E&IT which is also software in nature and executing on an operating system different or separate from the client. Typical software includes but is not limited to: browsers, calendars, banking and financial transaction systems, database management systems, electronic data interchange, e-mail, external file transfer protocols, group ware, order entry, project management, scheduling, spread sheet programs, terminal emulation, and word processing.

Information Regarding 5.3.2.2 and 5.3.2.3 Visual focus and objects.

Programmers who write software may not have been aware of the effects their design decisions have on the use of their products by people with disabilities. As a result, design decisions are often made that make it difficult or impossible for some people to use that software. One typical problem is caused when the developer chooses non-standard objects so as to enhance appearance, to provide differentiation, or to simplify cross-platform development. The problems that these non-standard controls present are primarily in the inability of screen reading and screen magnifying software to track the active point, the visual focus, on the display. As the visual focus changes with keyboard input, the assistive technology won't know that anything has happened, or it may not be able to tell that anything has happened.

Even such a simple software application as terminal emulation, presenting interaction with the text screen of a main-frame computer, can be made inaccessible to a blind or visually impaired user when the developer tries to use a special text cursor which may not be followed (or tracked) by screen reading or screen magnifying software.

Software development does not have to be reduced to all software using the same set of standard objects. Instead, different platforms provide their own solutions of accessibility application programming interfaces (API's) so that programmers can use non-standard controls while providing the accessibility information to the assistive technology. The terminal emulation example above is solved when the programmer uses a standard text cursor, has the standard text cursor as an option, lets the standard cursor also track the editing point, or uses an accessibility API to inform the assistive technology of changes in the caret location

The inaccessibility of non-standard controls effects other disabled users than those with visual impairments. Voice navigation is much more difficult (or impossible) when programs use non- standard controls and do not employ the accessibility API's. Similarly for on-screen keyboards.

Information Regarding 5.3.2.1 Keyboard access.

Keyboard access is central for access to software by people with disabilities. If developers would require that their applications and systems be fully functional and tested by users without a mouse, a large number access issues would be resolved for a number of disabilities groups.

Information Regarding 5.3.2.4 and 5.3.2.5 Images and icons.

The first requirement for access to E&IT which is Web-based information says that accessible text shall be associated with images that provide information. For a Web page, that text equivalent can be provided with what is called "alt-text." The same requirement holds for software. If images (i.e. icons) are used to identify objects or the states of objects, then assistive technologies need to be able to get hold of a text description of the image. This can be accomplished using an accessibility API or some platform specific standard method such as text pop-ups.

The text associated with the image must be meaningful. For example, consider a text equivalent for a photographic image of the Earth as seen from outer space. If the purpose of the image is mostly that of decoration, then the text "Photograph of the Earth as seen from outer space" might fulfill the necessary function. If the purpose of the photograph is to illustrate specific information about world geography, then the text equivalent should convey that information. If the photograph has been designed to tell the user to select the image (e.g., by clicking on it) for information about the earth, equivalent text would be "Information about the Earth". Thus, if the text conveys the same function or purpose for the user with a disability as the image does for other users, then it can be considered a text equivalent.

Since a screen reader may programmatically identify an image with some text in an operation taken by the user, if the same icon is used for the same purpose throughout an application, that identification process is simplified and the application more accessible by a person using a screen reader.

Information Regarding 5.3.2.6 Accessible text.

A screen reader has to be able to speak, using synthesized speech, or display in refreshable Braille, the text that appears on the display. The problem is, how does the screen reader know what text is there. For character based platforms, like DOS, all the text on the screen is available from video memory. For graphical systems, it is more difficult. The screen reader can figure out what text has been written to the display by "hooking" standard operating system calls and recording that text in a so-called off-screen model. For standard controls, the screen reader can query the operating system to know what text is displayed. Finally the screen reader may use an application programming interface provided by the software. Besides knowing the text, the assistive technology needs to know the text attributes, like color, font and style.

Information Regarding 5.3.2.7 and 5.3.2.8 Colors and fonts.

Software should provide for a wide variety of color and font settings. By being able to choose different foreground and background colors a large group of people with visual impairments will be able to use software that would otherwise (with default colors) be inaccessible. Being able to switch to yellow characters on a green background can make a screen readable for some. Some platforms provide a high-contrast setting. Software should support that high contrast setting. In addition, large character fonts are very useful to an even larger population. Add a display (view) option that uses large fonts and fonts without serifs. Do not require that the larger fonts be those saved with the document or sent to co-worker.

Information Regarding 5.3.2.8 System Startup and shutdown.

System Startup and shutdown are often areas of significant difficulty for people with disabilities, especially people who depend on assistive technology for access since assistive technology is itself often a software application which cannot function until sufficient operating system services have initialized. For instance, the BIOS and CMOS settings on most PCs are inaccessible. System and network login and shutdown procedures are often inaccessible as well. It is recognized that more than one solution strategy may be required to provide access to all portions of the startup or shutdown process.

Available solutions may include the following:

Information Regarding 5.3.2.10 Electronic Forms.

Electronic forms should allow the accessibility of each field or element on the form to be at the same accessible level available to the non-disabled user. (e.g. capable of reading subtotals, totals, state of check boxes and radio gangs, etc.) An Electronic form should maintain its structural integrity as it is accessed by various adaptive technologies. (Because forms are the most basic medium for transferring information, the form should be able to maintain its universal appearance for all users to access) Electronic forms, regardless of the type of assistive technology being used, should possess the ability to generate comments relative to the field or form being used. (Forms contain information beyond the entry of "name" or "address" this factual information should be available) Navigation through an electronic form should comply with keyboard standards specified elsewhere in this document. Comparable keystrokes should be available for each mouse action. Electronic forms software should be compatible with assistive technology commonly used by persons with disabilities.

Information Regarding 5.3.3 If the E&IT utilizes Web based information or applications...

Background: Unless access is carefully considered in creating web applications, many people with disabilities will not have the mandated access to information, documents and forms. For example, if an agency takes a printed form and places that on the Web as a TIFF image this form will almost certainly be inaccessible as are most PDF documents that are not created in a very particular way. If relevant information is only communicated in a graphic, or only in audio, then entire groups of people with disabilities will be unable to access that information.

Solutions: Use the W3C Accessibility Guidelines. Avoid image-based formats for information including text.

Information Regarding 5.3.4 If the E&IT is Telecommunications products...

Information on TTY Functionality

To provide TTY functionality, a device or system should meet the following description:

  1. It should be interoperable with legacy TTY equipment including support for 45.45 baud Baudot. The solution need not support little-used or obsolete TTY models, but in general should support the installed base of TTYs sold over the previous ten years. Compliance with ITU V.18 is one way of demonstrating interoperability with legacy TTY equipment. ITU Recommendation V.18 specifies interworking with the following TTY protocols:
  2. The transmission rate should be no slower than the defacto Baudot rate of 45.45 baud.
  3. The character error rate should be under 1%.
  4. The caller should be able to visually monitor all aspects of call progress (ring, busy, answered-in-voice, etc.) that is provided in auditory form.
  5. There should also be a provision for non-auditory alerting. [Built in or via connection] A portable vibrating device or built-in vibrator may be used to provide ring signaling on a wireless or cordless phone. If an RJ-11 connection is used to provide non-auditory alerting connection, then a minimum ring equivalent of 2 should be provided.
  6. The caller should be able to transmit TTY signals independent of the condition of the receiving modem. (This allows the TTY user to signal to the answering party or TTY detector circuitry that the call is in TTY mode.)
  7. VCO (Voice Carry Over) and HCO (Hearing Carry Over) should be supported.
  8. It should provide an alphanumeric keyboard with one key for each letter of the alphabet.

Products which are themselves TTYs or provide full TTY Functionality do not need to make provision for TTY connector.

Information Regarding 5.3.5 If the E&IT utilizes Multimedia...

In addressing presentation issues for multimedia, we use a broad definition: video, audio, animation, graphics and text combined in numerous ways and delivered via a variety of platforms: video and audiotape, CD- and DVD-ROM, Internet-based, broadcast, narrowcast, and satellite- delivered.

The multimedia standards is also focused as narrowly as possible on CONTENT issues and not command and control of the delivery device, which are covered in other areas. When a piece of media contains audio information essential to understanding its content, the media should also be capable of creating a user-selectable visual display in text format of that audio. The types of audio that should have an alternate text presentation include narration, dialog, speech and vocal music and essential non-speech sounds such as sound effects needed for comprehension of content and identification of speakers and sound sources. Examples of audio NOT requiring alternate text presentation include incidental background music and ambient sounds unimportant to understanding of the content.

In the case of audio tracks provided as part of software-based multimedia, interactive or otherwise, alternate text presentation may be achieved through the use of various multimedia authoring tools (such as Adobe premiere or Macromedia Director) or may employ such formats as the W3C's Synchronized Media Interchange Language (SMIL) or Microsoft's Synchronized Accessible Multimedia Interchange format (SAMI). Regardless of authoring technology, the following guidelines will enhance comprehension via alternate text presentation:

Information Regarding 5.3.6 If the E&IT is an Information Transaction Machine (ITM)...

The ITM should provide a way to receive and transmit information to an external device. The protocol, or combined protocols, used to convey a UIs content and support interaction with an ITM by an external device should be based on industry accepted and community developed standards. For example, a handset may be used to transmit UI information and short range RF or directional IR could be used to transmit UI information to and support interaction by an external device. See Information Regarding 5.2.2.2 above. NOTE: For other approaches and examples see http://www.access-board.gov/xxx/yyy/exampleslist.html.

6.5 Prototype Disability Access Compliance Form.

The following is an example of one way that procurement officers could request information on the accessibility features of E&IT products being submitted under bid.

Disability Access Compliance Form (Instructions)

This form is provided as a means of summarizing a product's accessibility. It should be completed and submitted with the bid package. The form is to be completed based on an analysis of operational chains for each product. This is done by performing the following analysis:

A list of all operations required to operate the product is made. Care should be taken to include the activities required to learn how to operate the product and provide regular maintenance.

For each operation construct operational chains of the steps required to perform each operation.

Analyze each operational chain for each of the areas of limitation.

If in a given category all of the operational steps can be accomplished then the product may be listed as accessible for that category. If it is not then the box should not be checked.

Illustration

For a desktop business telephone a list of operations is made. A list of steps is then made for each of these operations. As one example, if the user documentation can be accessed by someone without vision then that operation is accessible. As another example, to make a call the phone must be taken off hook, the dialtone sensed, the number dialed, the call conducted, the callterminated and the phone placed back on-hook. For the no vision category, if all of these steps can be accomplished without vision then that operation is accessible. If not all operations are accessible without vision then the Partially Accessible box should be checked and details provided. The process then repeats itself for the other categories listed.

A claim of new or superior accessibility should only be made if the product offers something unique or demonstrably superior for a given class of accessibility, as compared to what is generally available in comparable product offerings on the market. Details and supporting evidence may be provided to amplify such claims. If industry standards that apply to the product type and can be used to objectively substantiate the claim of accessibility exist, these should be cited and used as the basis for the claim. Where they exist, the use of industry standards, which provide an objective basis for making a claim of accessibility, is preferred.

Prototype/Example Disability Access Compliance Form

This form is designed to summarize the 508 compliance of a product or contract offering. The contractor should complete the form and present it with the bid package. Additional information on access features that are believed to be new or exemplary may be attached. Supporting documentation for the items summarized on this form should not be submitted with the form, but made available, if requested by the contracting officer.

1 Name and Model of product:
2 Features and functions of the product:
3 Describe any new or special accessibility features of this product:
4 For each area below, state whether all of this product's FUNCTIONS (as described above) are accessible or if it is partially accessible. Provide any notes applicable to each area in the space provided to the right of the area checkboxes.

No Vision

[checkbox] Entire functionality is accessible.

[checkbox] Partial functionality is accessible. (specify)

Low Vision (no audio)

[checkbox] Entire functionality is accessible.

[checkbox] Partial functionality is accessible. (specify)

No Color Vision

[checkbox] Entire functionality is accessible.

[checkbox] Partial functionality is accessible. (specify)

No Hearing

[checkbox] Entire functionality is accessible.

[checkbox] Partial functionality is accessible. (specify)

Hard of Hearing

[checkbox] Entire functionality is accessible.

[checkbox] Partial functionality is accessible. (specify)

Limited Manual Dexterity, Reach or Strength

[checkbox] Entire functionality is accessible.

[checkbox] Partial functionality is accessible. (specify)

No Time Dependence

[checkbox] Entire functionality is accessible.

[checkbox] Partial functionality is accessible. (specify)

No Speech

[checkbox] Entire functionality is accessible.

[checkbox] Partial functionality is accessible. (specify)

Cognitive and Learning

[checkbox] Entire functionality is accessible.

[checkbox] Partial functionality is accessible. (specify)

No Specific Biometrics Required

[checkbox] Entire functionality is accessible.

[checkbox] Partial functionality is accessible. (specify)

Minimizes Seizure Induction

[checkbox] Entire functionality is accessible.

[checkbox] Partial functionality is accessible. (specify)

Compatibility

[checkbox] Product is compatible with hearing aids.

[checkbox] Product is not held up to the ear for listening or it provides hearing aid coupling.

[checkbox] Product is compatible with upper limb prosthetics.

[checkbox] Product is compatible with wheelchair use.

[checkbox] Accessibility Information Pass Through is provided.

[checkbox] Standard external electronic access is provided for all info and control.

[checkbox] Standard audio connection point standard is met.

Other

[checkbox] If access features provide speech output - private listening is available.

[checkbox] Product meets Documentation, Labeling and Support Standards.

Technology specific standards

[checkbox] Product meets technology specific standards for Physical Keyboards.

[checkbox] Product meets technology specific standards for Cabling and connections.

[checkbox] Product meets technology specific standards for Software.

[checkbox] Product meets technology specific standards for Web Based Applications.

[checkbox] Product meets technology specific standards for Telecommunications.

[checkbox] Product meets technology specific standards for Multimedia.

[checkbox] Product meets technology specific standards for ITMs.

[checkbox] Product meets technology specific standards for PDAs / Thin Clients.

5 Describe the processes and procedures used to verify the information above:

#^目次

iso-2022-jp LF　版
URL: http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~bd9y-ktu/eitacc_f/eitaacrpt.html
Yasutaka Kato　加藤泰孝
<email:y.kato@personal.email.ne.jp>
<email:ykato-ind@umin.ac.jp>